Creative Intelligence of Walt Disney :: Cartoons Movies Animation Essays

Innovative Intelligence of Walt Disney Innovative knowledge comes in a wide range of structures, with producers and experts driving the way. Walt Disney was both a producer and an ace of visual/spatial knowledge. Our class and inventiveness specialists have concurred that in the event that something is imaginative, at that point it must be novel and of high caliber. Walt Disney’s work of art and liveliness surely were. For instance, he delivered the primary full-length vivified melodic component film and the principal full-shading TV programming, in addition to other things (â€Å"Walt†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). Walt Disney has been a tremendous piece of my restricted imaginative life. I wish I had even a hundredth of his ability! Be that as it may, lamentably I abhor doing expressions and creates and have no ability or persistence for them. So Walt Disney is certainly not a model for what I need to do with my life. In any case, I do appreciate workmanship for diversion, particularly kid's shows, and significantly respect Walt Disney for his innovative virtuoso. He made and drew Mickey Mouse, however he additionally did his voice. It flabbergasts me how somebody could be that acceptable at craftsmanship. In addition to the fact that his works have extraordinary stylish magnificence it conjures incredible feeling as well. In grade school I loathed craftsmanship class yet any workmanship extends that might be impacted by his works were on the grounds that I love his activity. My preferred motion pictures were consistently Walt Disney Pictures, particularly the energized ones. His liveliness ap pears to be so genuine it is practically similar to you can turn into a piece of it. What's more, on the grounds that my family and I go to Walt Disney World consistently I have grown up encountering his works, in actuality, and have delighted in each moment of it. Regardless of how frequently I see a work it is consistently as charming as the first occasion when I saw it, if not more so. I would never become burnt out on a work by Walt Disney. I realize I will make the most of his manifestations in any event, when I am an old woman. Connection between the Child and the Adult Creator: Walt Disney demonstrated early interests in craftsmanship and drawing. By the age of seven Walt would offer his drawings and little outlines to his neighbors to bring in some additional cash. One intriguing anecdote about his imagination that I go over each time I compose a paper about Walt Disney is when Walt persuaded his sister Ruth to assist him with painting the side of their home with tar.

How Guide Books Help Construct The Tourist Gaze Tourism Essay

How Guide Books Help Construct The Tourist Gaze Tourism Essay How manuals help to develop the traveler look and oblige the manner in which sightseers see the city. In the event that you truly need your life to pass like a film before you, simply travel, you can overlook your life. Andy Warhol (1975). The travel industry is a significant perspective in 21st century living as it speaks to a sort of idealism an individual can understanding to include immediacy in ones everyday daily practice. With mass globalization acting like an ever-developing plague, most places of interest are profoundly publicized in the media making what has been known as the traveler look. The vacationer look is summed up conveniently by John Urry (1990), as the procedure when spots are picked to be looked at on the grounds that there is an expectation, particularly through fantasizing and dream, of extreme delights, either on an alternate scale or including various faculties from those generally experienced. Such expectation is developed and supported through an assortment of non-visitor rehearses, for example, film, TV, writing, magazines, records and recordings, which build and fortify that look This paper will endeavor to investigate the various elements of how manuals specifically help to develop the vacationer look and furthermore how it might confine the experience one would have of the city. Urry (1990) presents a wide assortment of topics of which will be firmly analyzed during the time spent this exposition. To be explicit to the inquiry the investigation will be firmly identified with how manuals and along these lines, writing just as magazines, summon the v arious faculties that help in imparting the traveler look especially in contemporary London. The traveler experience is firmly interceded by sight, and by the acts of portrayal that are a vital part of movement (Crang, 1997). The city of London speaks to a district loaded with history, culture, valid engineering and current wonders all of which can without much of a stretch be wonderfully caught as a despite everything picture and has been significantly promoted in movement guides. london_mix001.jpg Figure 1: Introductory portrayal of different viewpoints in London. The Informative Travelers Guide To London presented the city of London by methods for a picture, Figure 1. Spots to visit are picked in view of their incentive as photographic milestones. A stroll through a city or rather the travel industry by and large becomes as a result a quest for the photogenic. (Kubalek, 2008) Photography is an incredible methods for bringing out ones detects. Figure 1 delineates history, culture, and engineering just as passes on a feeling of nationalism across the board viably altered shot. The vacationer look is made as the watcher, no doubt unfamiliar to the British culture, is pushed into such an outlandish world intellectually without having cross the visitor. The travel industry is frequently about the body-as-seen, showing, performing and luring guests with aptitude, engage, quality, sexuality, etc. (Urry, 2001) Clearly apparent in Figure 1 is a delineation of a British watchman in the notable uniform, which powers the on-looker to imagine the function of the changing of the watchmen. The Changing the Guard at Buckingham Palace is a far reaching manual that involves history of the service just as analyzes the realities from the various positions of the warriors to the complexities of his uniform. This model include what MacCannell(1992, 1999) calls a recreated ethnicity just as an arranged genuineness obviously in light of the fact that this service is a significant vacation destination for guests the same. Not exclusively will they experience a demonstration of British patriotism yet additionally get a brief look at a national milestone, Buckingham Palace. National narratives recount to a story, of a people going through history, a stor y frequently starting in the fogs of time (Bhabha, 1990) Remembered for the previously mentioned manual is a rundown of spots of fascination inside a nearby region to Buckingham Palace, Houses of Parliament, Big Ben, Piccadilly Circus, St James Palace, 10 Downing Street, The Thames, Trafalgar Square and even Hard Rock Cafe, to give some examples of the incomparable London locates that are a stones toss from Buckingham Palace! (Changing of the Guard, 1990) This is a model in how the traveler look can act like an imperative to the guests experience of the city. Some portion of the rationale in heading out is to encounter the photos on location, in the genuine (Dyer, 1995). The book subliminally manages the vacationer and accordingly his/her freedom to investigate the land is controlled. association jack-333.jpg Figure 2: The 2012 Olympic Games logo Universal occasions, introduced upon mass the travel industry and cosmopolitanism, implies that national personality is progressively thought about as far as an area inside, and on, a worldwide stage. (Urry, 2001). Visit Britain 2012 is interchangeable with pictures, for example, that delineated in figure 2 and profoundly publicized with articles identifying with the exceptionally foreseen 2012 Olympic games. The visit London 2012 landing page opens with a depiction of the Olympic Park, The London 2012 Games are the impetus for changing 2.5sq km of land in east London. What was once modern, debased land has been quickly changed in the course of recent years.. Rochee (2000) depicts these zones as having the ability to change themselves from being everyday places㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ into being there extraordinary host city destinations that come to involve a particular specialty inside worldwide the travel industry. The reproduction of what was at one time a mechanical region into what is d epicted as a position of intrigue is another way vacationer associations make the visitor look, by focusing on this in traveler manuals they speak to the instrument that passes on the message. Freed from this present reality weights of stores and item fabricating, brands are allowed to take off, less as the dispersal of merchandise and enterprises than as aggregate pipedreams (Klein, 2000: 22) Product promoting is clear in many sightseeing publications; one brand specifically that is enormously connected to the travel industry is the Rimmel establishment. Get the London look! Rimmel cases to be bona fide, trial, fun, available to all and particularly British, offering an incentive for cash, with a scramble of London allure. (Rimmel London) By recruiting American ability, for example, on-screen character, Zooey Deschanel just as performer, Solange Knowles, they speak to mark envoys who thus help in the formation of the traveler look particularly since the publicizing has them set in exceptionally cliché London situations, making again an admired and cliché portrayals of the spot we are visiting (Martwick, 2001) Youthful privileged people took Grand Tours in the seventeenth century basically for instructive reasons, however just since the 1840s traveled begin to be of more noteworthy enthusiasm for a more extensive piece of European culture. (Kubalek, 2008) History has a significant impact of the travel industry all in all as Roche (2000) clarifies with the case of the 1851 Great Exhibition at Londons Crystal Palace, the main ever national vacationer occasion. In spite of the fact that the British populace was just 18m, 6m visits were made to the Exhibition, many utilizing the new railroads to visit the national capital just because. Break London. The best of London (2010), has an extensive showcase of the various galleries and attractions of which guarantee to hold incredible verifiable and social importance to the nation. Especially significant in the family history of patriotism have additionally been the establishing of national historical centers and the advancement of national speciali sts, modelers, artists, dramatists, authors, students of history and archeologists (McCrone, 1998; Kirshenblatt-Giblett, 1998) Likewise profoundly exposed in the manual referenced before is the mainstream, London Eye perception wheel. The static types of the traveler look, for example, that from the overhang vantage point, centers around the two-dimensional shape, hues and subtleties of the view that is spread out before one and can be moved around with ones eyes (Pratt, 1992: 222) On the wheel the watcher can watch Londons different milestones, for example the Houses of Parliament, St Pauls Cathedral even The Gherkin. As it were it gives the watcher the sentiment of having an a review of the city he/she has gone to (Kubalek, 2008). In spite of the fact that this inclination might be very remunerating Osborne (2000) clarifies that the visitor never fully shows up, never totally interfaces. The noteworthiness of different sights interferes with each sight. Each sight implies every other sight, most despite everything coming up short on our visit. Kubalek (2008) gives a guide to the past statement by presentin g the Southbank, which is the phase for road entertainers. Being directly close to the wheel does the static picture of watching the view from the wheel difference to the more intuitive experience of strolling down the notable Southbank? Correspondingly the view through the vehicle windscreen (like the view from one of the turning glass units) has additionally had critical ramifications for the idea of the visual look, empowering the materiality of the city or the scene to be unmistakably valued (Larsen, 2001) The touristic experience reflects, amplifies and distils regular day to day existence, it mixes the commonplace, and the other way around, corresponding to the creating and keeping up of a people social personalities. (McCabe, S., 2002) Consumer brain science, geology and business the board considers are fundamental in the arranging of the travel industry. It is a deliberate play by visitor associations, to cause the individual to accept that their vacation is settled on by decision, when occasion bundles have been arranged with incredible multifaceted design to profit the countrys economy. Urry (1990) has discovered that recreation travel is propelled by a longing to get away from customary, typical life. The important encounters through movement (MacCannell, 1976) is collected by a painstakingly arranged plot that manages the visitor being referred to on an excursion that may appear to be of incredible suddenness, however is in undeniable reality deliberately arranged by more notew orthy forces and consequently there is clear requirement to the genuine experience that the vacationer experiences. All in all, there ar

My New Years Teaching Resolutions A Veteran Teacher Talks Goal-Setting

My New Years Teaching Resolutions A Veteran Teacher Talks Goal-Setting New Year’s resolutions are an important part of our personal and work lives. Veteran teacher, TeacherVision Advisory Board Member, and mom Jessica shares her approaches to creating New Year’s teaching resolutions. by Jessica Peresta New Year’s resolutions can be as simple as setting a word to focus on for the upcoming year, or as complicated as setting and detailing a number of goals you want to achieve. When you’re choosing which resolutions you want to set, dig deep and focus on ways to improve as a teacher. As part of this process, ask yourself some hard questions. What will help you to gain traction in your teaching? Can you be more patient? Give yourself time for self-care? Connect with those hard-to-reach students during the rest of the school year? Whatever resolutions you choose, make sure you remember that they’re yours and no one else’s. Your resolutions won’t look like anyone else’s, because you’re unique, and have your own teaching style. My Teaching Resolutions First of all, let’s talk about my resolutions and then we’ll talk about examples of other resolutions you could set. For me, I want to focus on being less stressed. I need to prioritize my tasks better and truly cross things off of my to-do list. I’m tired of having a “zombie” to-do list! I tend to procrastinate and wait until the last minute when it comes to planning lessons and tackling everything else I need to get done. I also want to get better at focusing on family time and really putting my work down at a good and reasonable time at the end of the day. I’m a big believer that work and family time should be kept separate. Does that mean I won’t ever need to work when my kids are home? Of course not! But my goal is to get better at truly making “quality time” actual QUALITY time. Strategies for Making Your Resolutions OK, now it’s your turn. Think about your own life. What’s caused stress this year? What goals do you want to achieve in the coming weeks, months, and year? To get going, start out by getting out a piece of paper and a pen. Label a list from 1-5 or even 1-10. Then, start writing down any goals you want to achieve. You could even have two lists...one for your personal life and one for your teaching life. Here’s an example of what my list might look like: Organize my time better Create fun and engaging lesson plans Connect more with my hard-to-reach students Take more time for self-care Collaborate more with my team Spend more time with my family Go on that vacation I’ve been dreaming of Give myself grace when I mess up Accept positive criticism Try not to bring work home at least 3 times a week The main point of this exercise is to write down resolutions and then try to achieve them as the year goes on. There’s something truly powerful about putting your thoughts down on paper. You could even hang your resolutions up somewhere so you can see them as the year goes on. Or, if you want to get even more technical, you could even set one goal for each month of the year. After You've Made Your List After you’ve made your list, now it’s time to actually achieve your goals. How many times have you made resolutions and then gotten to get to the end of the year and realized that you definitely didn’t stick with them? (I’m sure I’m not alone here!) While you’re making your list, make sure the resolutions you’re setting are specific and actionable...but also easy enough to achieve. Don’t set goals that you’ll never meet - that will just lead to frustration and a feeling of failure. Also, don’t overwhelm yourself with too many resolutions. Also...give yourself lots and lots of grace. If you don’t achieve the goals you’ve set and feel like your resolutions aren’t being met, then you can always set new ones. You don’t know where you’ll be 11 months from now or what your students will need from you. You will also change as a person. So, instead of beating yourself up for not achieving something, just set new goals and add them to your list. Be mindful of progress - it’s more important than perfection. Happy New Year! What are your New Year's teaching resolutions? Share with us on Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest. Jessica Peresta is passionate about providing other music teachers, especially those right out of college or new to teaching elementary music, with the music education resources, lesson plans, teacher training, and community you've been looking for. She believes your domestic life outside of school should be spent soaking up time with family and friends and your music teacher life while at school should not leave you feeling defeated, but should be a joyful, exciting, and rewarding experience. To find out more about Jessica and her passion, visit her at The Domestic Musician.

Substance Use And Substance Abuse - 1269 Words

1. Describe your understanding of â€Å"substance use† versus â€Å"substance abuse† and why these concepts should be of concern for child welfare workers (Chapter 6)? Substance use and substance abuse is hazard for anyone associated with the issue. However, it is life changing ordeal for children who life decisions are made by individuals who is suffering from either of these problems. Nonetheless, to understand the severity of substance abuse and substance use is to define each issue and the role it plays in a child’s life. Substance use is the use of a substance to achieve a desired effect or intoxication level, a substance taken in larger amount for longer period than attend, and unsuccessful attempts to reduce or control substance use. Substance abuse is use of a problem associated with legal issues such as; physical and sexual abuse, and use of substance to fulfill the loss of a role concerning life work, school, or marriage. There are aspects of substance abuse and substance use that concern a child welfare worker. One aspect is females who is sexually active or pregnant that is at-risk of either of these problems. These children are at-risk of birth defects this is caused by drinking or use of street drugs during pregnancy (â€Å"Facts about Birth,† 2014). In addition, to the aspect of specially challenged children who suffer abuse or maltreatment. According to the literature 25% of children who suffer abuse have a special challenge (Harris, Lager, Mather, 2007). The substanceShow MoreRelatedSubstance Use And Substance Abuse1813 Words   |  8 PagesStatistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV-TR. The DSM defines substance dependence as a â€Å"maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress† It defines these as the symptoms of substance dependence â€Å"tolerance as defined by A.need for markedly increased amount of the substance to achieve desired effect. B. Markedly diminished effect with continued use of the same amount of substance 2.the substance is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period inRead MoreSubstance Use Disorder And Subst ance Abuse997 Words   |  4 PagesSubstance use disorder is defined as being a pattern of maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by repeated use of a substance, sometimes also including tolerance for the substance and withdrawal reactions. (pg. 294). The individual I will be talking about for the project is someone that came to crave a particular substance and rely on it every day. Their choice to devote so much of their time to their substance caused issues between their family and friends. Both family and friends startedRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Substance Use Disorder998 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the Diagnostic Statistic Manual 5 (DSM-5) substance use disorder is when the individual has a dependency on alcohol or drug, followed by penetrating craving and antisocial behavior to acquire the substance. The terms substance abuse and substance dependence refer to substance use disorder, which has been separated into three classifications as follows 1. Moderate Drinking the Dietary Guideline says 1 drink a day by women and 2 drinks for men. 2. Binge Drinking 5 or more alcoholic drinkRead MoreEffects Of Substance Use And Abuse950 Words   |  4 PagesJournals on the Impact of Substance Use and Abuse Even at this age of raised healthcare awareness there are people who still do not understand the real cause of addictions. A review of Lawrence and Melinda Smith’s article, â€Å"Drug Abuse and Addiction,† reveals that by now there is little and scanty information on why and how people get addicted to various types of drugs. There have been several misconceptions and beliefs as to why people actually use or abuse drugs, several explanations have been putRead MoreAlcohol : Substance Use And Abuse1791 Words   |  8 Pages Alcohol Understanding the Effects By: Shellie Massey Northern Kentucky University Social Work 525 Substance Use Abuse Larry Wells 11/5/2015 I. What is Alcohol Alcohol is a colorless unstable and combustible liquid that is contained in wine, beer, spirits, such as vodka, gin, whiskey. Alcohol contains ethyl alcohol, or ethanol this is the intoxicating ingredient in alcohol. The production of alcohol is prepared by what is called â€Å"fermentation.† The components needed mostly forRead MoreYouth Substance Use And Abuse1908 Words   |  8 Pagesyouth substance use and abuse. This paper describes our western society’s history with substances, the types of substances described in the currently available literature, the various existing prevention and treatment programs, factors which have been attributed to youth substance and abuse. Primary and secondary sources were utilized, providing a broad picture of the ever-growing challenge of youth substance use/abuse. This review shall then summarise and conclude the findings of substance use andRead MoreSubstance Abuse Is The Excessive Use Of A Substance Without Medical Justification 1463 Words   |  6 PagesCoworker, or Instructor According to the Merriam-Webster dictionary; â€Å"Substance abuse is the excessive use of a substance without medical justification†. Addiction is not a lack of will power or moral weakness, but is a progressive, chronic, and fatal brain disease that not only destroys a person mentally, physically, emotionally, and spiritually, but also disrupts families, businesses, and society at large. Substance abuse is reported to be the most severe occupational safety issue associatedRead MoreThe Use Of Alcohol And Substance Abuse Disorder917 Words   |  4 PagesMs. A is a 24-year-old, Caucasian female. She was referred for a psychological evaluation by her therapist for her excessive use of Alcohol and Substance Abuse Disorder. Additionally, Ms. A stated she has been experiencing a loss of interest, low self-esteem and feeling anxious. She complains that her struggle with substance abuse has negatively impacted her interpersonal relationships, behavioral, emotional as well as her health. The purpose of the current evaluation is to (1) evaluate her levelRead MoreSubstance Use And Abuse Among Adolescents Essay2070 Words   |  9 Pageswellness by advocating for more available protective factor to reduce substance use and abuse among this population. The purpose of this paper/project is to address and improve the rate of substance use and abuse among adolescents in Pitt County, more specifically in Greenville, North Carolina. This paper goes into great detail of the description of the population (adolescents), providing statistical evidence of adolescents’ use of drugs in Greenville. An increase in youth involved community activitiesRead MoreWhat Does Substance Use And Abuse? Essay1163 Words   |  5 PagesIn relation to life skills education, the following problems related to mental well and behavior of children can be resolved: (WHO) †¢ Extent of substance use and abuse †¢ HIV/AIDS prevalence; †¢ Pregnancy rates in adolescents †¢ teenage suicide rates; †¢ incidence of childhood psychiatric disorder and psychological problems; †¢ Extent of violence in the schools The first approach/initiative of the life skills approach to education

Essay about Organizational Theory - 1643 Words

1) ORGANISATIONAL THEORY Organisational theory is designed to understand the nature of the organisations. By which organizations can evaluate its overall business by putting the right structure and operate in different ways. Organisational theory also helps us understand how processes such as change and decision making can be managed. It deals with different structures and cultures such as large organizations have different structures and cultures than small ones, and the manufacturing organisations operate in a different way than those in the service sector. (Burton Obel, pp. 11 to 12) 2) ORGANISATIONAL DESIGN Organization Design is a formal, guided process for integrating the people, information and technology of an†¦show more content†¦Members of an organisation soon come to sense the particular culture of an organisation. Culture is one of those terms thats difficult to express distinctly, but everyone knows it when they sense it. For example, the culture of a large, for-profit corporation is quite different than that of a hospital which is quite different that that of a university. You can tell the culture of an organisation by looking at the arrangement of furniture, what they brag about, what members wear, etc. -- similar to what you can use to get a feeling about someones personality. (Burton Obel, p. 104) 5) ORGANISATIONAL CHANGE Typically, the concept of organisational change is in regard to organisation change, as opposed to smaller changes such as adding a new person, modifying a program, etc. Examples of organisation-wide change might include a change in mission, restructuring operations (e.g., restructuring to self-managed teams, layoffs, etc.), new technologies, mergers, major collaborations, rightsising, new programs such as Total Quality Management, re-engineering, etc. Some experts refer to organisational transformation. Often this term designates a fundamental and radical reorientation in the way the organisation operates. (Burton Obel, p. 13) 6) RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THEM In todays business environment, without having proper design, structure and culture a business cannot survive and also it should have the capability in changing its business environment affectedShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Theory671 Words   |  3 PagesOrganizational Theory Angele Muhammad February 5, 2014 Assistant Professor Darren Gil Southern University at New Orleans Abstract I will discuss the basis of an organizational theory as it applies to the criminal justice system. I am discussing and giving a clear understanding of the criminal justice system as an organization of a bureaucratic management system with hierarchies and processes of inputs, processes, and outputs within one aspect of the criminal justice system i.e. policeRead MoreOrganizational Theory Of Organizational Management1488 Words   |  6 PagesOrganizational theory studies the various variables that influence the behavior of an individual(s) working within an organization, but also, â€Å"prescribes how work and workers ought to be organized and attempts to explain the actual consequences of organizational behavior (including individual actions) on work being performed and on the organization itself.† (Milakovich Gordon, 2013, p.145). Of the many approaches to organizational analysis, Classical Organizational theory has been, even to thisRead MoreEssay on Organizational Theory8 81 Words   |  4 Pagesof various organization theories and their development from the perspective of legitimacy and efficacy; to evaluate selected discussions regarding theory development and various theories; to encourage the use of evidence based theory development and to provide a look into the model and related theories that are created after looking at the existing theories. While not rejecting the need for thorough testing of theories, I am simply looking into the suggestion of theories and models for their worthRead MoreOrganizational Theory Essay1553 Words   |  7 PagesAndrea K. Rivers ORG6503 : Organizational Theories amp; System Instructor: Kathleen Henry September 24, 2011 Introduction The owner of Creative Colors has taking my advice regarding restructuring and downsizing the company. The organization is now operating much more efficiently and has seen revenues begin to climb in its retail stores. With the improving economic climate in the region and the growing strength of the U.S. dollar compared to the Canadian dollar, the owner now sees an opportunityRead MoreThe Theory Of Organizational Change1450 Words   |  6 Pageseducate their employees in understanding and supporting change. Taking both organizational and employee perspectives into account, Armenakis and Bedeian (1999) have reviewed major research publications on the theory of organizational change from 1987 to 1999. To set a basis for selecting from the vast number of the available material, their study was concentrated on those researches focusing on the fundamentals of organizational change dynamics. The researchers acknowledge the effect of the extent ofRead MoreComparing the Modern Organizational Theory and Improvisation Essay1126 Words   |  5 PagesOrganization theory deals with the formal structure, internal working, and external environment of complex human behavior within organizations. As a field spanning several disciplines, it prescribes how work and workers out to be organized and attempts to explain the actual consequences of organizational behavior (including individual behavior) on work done and on the organization itself.(Gordon and Milkavoich, 147) It has been evolving for centurie s on how should work be done in the public administrationRead MoreOrganizational Theory and Practice3050 Words   |  13 PagesOrganizational Theory Practice Introduction Previously people were less interested in an organizational culture. Cultural perspectives were not really important. When it comes to cultural change, leaders used to take an action at the end, at the time where company was facing bankruptcy, and they were not succeeded. Unlike now, culture is significantly important aspect in an organization. It shapes how people think and behave. Once an employee gets hired, firstly he or she tries to identify existingRead More organizational theory Essay2283 Words   |  10 PagesManagement.† (Internet) This is where the Human Relations School steps in. Its primary focus is the importance of attitudes and feelings of workers, while informal roles and norms influence performance. â€Å"At the most general level, human relations theory views humans as social creatures who have a need and desire for communication and interaction.† (Internet) Numerous studies have been conducted over the years trying to come up with the most efficient f orm of workplace management. The most famousRead MoreThe Neoclassical Organizational Theory Essay633 Words   |  3 PagesThe neoclassical organizational theory, which evolved as a reaction to the rigid, authoritarian structure of the classical organizational theory, focuses on the importance of human relations and behavior in the workplace (Docherty et al., 2001). According to the classical organizational theory, there is a single best method to designing an organization. Based on this theory, a manager must have close control over their subordinates, resulting in an organization with tall hierarchies and a narrowRead MoreOrganizational Theory Multiple Perspectives1514 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In order to have a better understanding of organization theory, organizational phenomena should be studied in different ways. Different ways of thinking produce different perspectives which come to different concepts and theories. In this essay, multiple perspectives which are modern, symbolic-interpretive and post-modern will be defined. By examine the assumptions, which are ontology and epistemology underlying each of these perspectives, they can be compared. Also, how these perspectives

Jhkjjk Free Essays

Current Issues: Gangs 2011, n. p. Copyright @ 2011 ReferencePoint Press, Website: www. We will write a custom essay sample on Jhkjjk or any similar topic only for you Order Now referencepointpress. com. P. O. Box 27779, San Diego, CA 92198. Phone: 858-618-1314. Fax: 858-618-1730. All rights reserved. Current Issues: Gangs By Peggy J. Parks Contents Gangs at a Glance Overview How Serious a Problem Are Gangs? Primary Source Quotes Facts and Illustrations Why Do Young People Join Gangs? Primary Source Quotes Facts and Illustrations Can People Leave the Gang Life Behind? Primary Source Quotes Facts and Illustrations Can Gang Violence Be Stopped? Primary Source Quotes Facts and Illustrations Key People and Advocacy Groups Chronology Related Organizations For Further Research Source Notes About the Author Gangs at a Glance Gangs and Gang Members The U. S. Department of Justice estimates that more than 20,000 gangs with a total of about 1 million members are criminally active in the United States. Gang Migration Gangs are no longer confined to large cities. The FBI states that gang activity is rapidly spreading to outlying suburban and rural communities throughout the United States. Types of Gangs Four main types of gangs identified by the U. S. Department of Justice are street gangs, outlaw motorcycle gangs, prison gangs, and military gangs. Gangs and Crime Law enforcement officials say that gangs commit a wide range of crimes, including distribution of drugs, weapons trafficking, drive-by shootings, armed robbery, assault, identity theft, and homicide. In many communities gangs are responsible for as much as 80 percent of crime. Cities with Gang Problems The U. S. Department of Justice has identified Los Angeles, Chicago, and New York as the top three cities for the most gangs and gang-related crime. Reasons for Joining Gangs Young people join gangs for many reasons including the desire to belong to a family-like group, protection from rival gangs, the ability to make money (usually from stealing or selling drugs), prestige, and ready access to drugs. Quitting Gangs Whether people are able to leave gangs depends on the particular gang and its rules. Jumping out (being beaten by gang members) is a common way of letting someone out. Some gangs expect their members to remain committed for life and threaten them with death if they try to quit. Fighting Gang Violence In cities throughout the United States, the FBI and state and local law enforcement officials are focusing on the most violent street gangs in an effort to capture their leaders and get them off the streets. Overview â€Å"Gangs are morphing, multiplying, and migrating—entrenching themselves not just in our inner cities but increasingly in our ever-sprawling suburbs and wide-open rural spaces. † —Federal Bureau of Investigation, a law enforcement agency of the U. S. Department of Justice. Gangs and gang-involved kids exist at some level in every community. Certain groups have decided to use violence and retribution, and their acts are affecting all of us. † —Steven D. Strachan, the chief of police of Kent, Washington, a suburb of Seattle. At 16 years old, Melody Ross was thoroughly enjoying life. She had just begun her junior year at Wilson High School in Long Beach, California, where she was an honors student and a pole-vaulte r on the track team. She was popular and known for being friendly, kind, and someone who always had a sunny smile on her face. On the evening of October 30, 2009, Melody and her friends went to their school’s home ­coming football game. After the game ended, the girls left the stadium and were sitting on the curb in front of the school. Suddenly the loud crack of gunshots filled the air. A feud had broken out between members of rival gangs, and they were shooting at each other—with bystanders caught in the crossfire. By the time the violence ended, three people lay on the ground, wounded and bleeding: two men and Melody. Ambulances rushed them to the hospital, where the men were treated for non-life-threatening injuries. Melody, however, was not so fortunate. She died of a severe bullet wound in her side. Her family and friends were devastated, and as a memorial to her, a classmate named Dylan Vassberg created a Facebook page entitled RIP Melody Ross. â€Å"Every kid our age–we don’t ever think we’re going to die,† he says. â€Å"We never think that. We think we’re going to college and we’re going to have a long life and die of old age. Not die because someone decided to shoot a gun. We never think of that. It’s not something that crosses our mind ever. Not even fathomable, really. 1 How Serious a Problem Are Gangs? Although the precise number of gangs and gang members (known as gangbangers) is not known, the U. S. Department of Justice makes estimates based on information it receives from state and local law enforcement officials. In January 2009 the Justice Department’s National Gang Intelligence Center released a report entitled National Gan g Threat Assessment 2009. The report states that more than 20,000 violent gangs with a total of approximately 1 million members were criminally active in the United States as of September 2008. The report’s authors state that â€Å"gangs pose a serious threat to public safety. † They warn that throughout the country, gang activity is rapidly spreading from large cities to outlying suburban and rural areas. This, they predict, will cause gang-related violent crime to remain at high levels and likely increase. They write: â€Å"As these gangs encounter resistance from local gangs or other drug distributors in these communities, an increase in violent incidents such as assaults, drive-by shootings, and homicides can be expected. â€Å"2 The Evolution of Gangs No one knows exactly when gangs first formed, but they are often assumed to have been around for centuries. According to Lou Savelli, who is a retired New York City police sergeant and cofounder of the East Coast Gang Investigators Association, the word thug dates back to India during the 1200s. It is derived from â€Å"Thugz,† an Indian word that referred to a gang of criminals who traveled throughout the country terrorizing towns. Savelli adds that like gangs today, the Thugz had their own symbols, hand signs, slang language, and rituals. Gang activity is thought to have begun in the United States early in the country’s history. Journalist Ed Grabianowski explains: â€Å"Criminal gangs have certainly been around as long as crime itself—it doesn’t take a criminal mastermind to realize there is strength in numbers. The urbanization that accompanied the Industrial Revolution gave rise to the modern street gang. â€Å"3 Throughout the 1800s, as more people immigrated to America from other countries, gangs such as the Monk Eastman Gang and Five Points Gang formed and terrorized the streets of New York. But it was the 1920s that ushered in the heyday of gang activity in the United States because of a notorious gangster named Al Capone, also called Scarface. This was a time known as Prohibition, when the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution made the sale or distribution of alcohol illegal. Supporters hoped the legislation would transform American society for the better, but its effects were quite different from what they expected. Once alcohol was no longer legally available, criminal gangs began to distribute it on the black market. These gangs developed rapidly and continued to grow in power, which caused a steep rise in violent crime. Capone and his gang of criminals were responsible for a wave of violence in the Chicago area during the 1920s and 1930s. Savelli says this led to his becoming known as most violent gangster in Chicago and perhaps in all of the United States. Capone’s reputation spread far and wide, and his actions strongly influenced the activities of would-be gangsters throughout the country. By the time Prohibition ended in 1933, gangs had become entrenched throughout the country and were widely known for their connections with violent crime. During the 1950s gang-related crime was rampant in a number of U. S. cities, including Los Angeles, Chicago, and New York, and it was steadily growing. Over the following decades gangs became better organized and continued to expand their activities from cities into neighboring communities, as the Justice Department explains: â€Å"The gang members who migrated from urban areas often formed new, neighborhood-based local gangs. These local gangs generally controlled their territories through violence and intimidation. 4 Gang membership—and associated violent crime—continued to grow throughout the rest of the twentieth century and into the twenty-first. Street Gangs and Motorcycle Outlaws Gangs often differ significantly from one another based on membership requirements, structure, and the ages and ethnicity of the members. Two main types that have been identified by law enforcement officials are street gangs and outlaw motorcycle gangs. The Justice Department says that street gangs pose a considerable threat to communities because they are the largest group and also control the greatest geographical area. Therefore,† Justice Department authorities explain, criminal activities such as violence and drug trafficking perpetrated by street gangs pose the greatest threat. The threat becomes magnified as national- and regional-level street gangs migrate from urban areas to suburban and rural communities, expanding their influence in most regions and broadening their presence outside the United States to develop associations with . . . criminal organizations in Mexico, Central America, and Canada. 5 Most street gangs are local-level gangs that operate in single locations while regional-level street gangs are more organized and larger. Some of the largest and most violent street gangs are Hispanic gangs such as MS ­13, 18th Street, Surenos, and Almighty Latin King and Queen Nation (Latin Kings) and the predominately African American gangs Bloods, Crips, and Black P. Stone Nation. Asian gangs such as the Asian Boyz are also developing a reputation as a result of their links to drug trafficking and violent crimes. Though less common than gangs of other racial and ethnic groups, white gangs also pose a threat. The white supremacist street gang Nazi Low-riders has a growing presence in Southern California, Arizona, Colorado, Florida, and Illinois, and members have been connected with a number of racially motivated violent crimes. Outlaw motorcycle gangs also pose a significant threat because they engage in numerous criminal activities, such as trafficking in weapons and drugs, and often commit violent crimes. State and local law enforcement agencies have identified as many as 520 outlaw motorcycle gangs with an estimated total of 20,000 members of various races and ethnicities. The motorcycle gangs that the FBI considers the greatest threat because of criminal activities are the Sons of Silence, Bandidos, Mongols, Hells Angels, and Outlaws. Gangs Behind Bars Just because people are incarcerated, and even sentenced to life in prison, does not necessarily prevent them from engaging in gang activities. According to the Justice Department, prison gangs are highly structured criminal networks that are active within prisons throughout the United States. It adds that as of September 2008, more than 147,000 documented gang members were incarcerated in federal, state, and local correctional facilities. One state where this is a particularly serious problem is Washington. According to a study released in 2009, gang-affiliated inmates are responsible for 43 percent of all violent crimes that are committed in the state’s prisons. The report also states that the Crips are the most represented prison gang, with 2,385 inmate members. Also well known for violence behind bars is the white supremacist gang Aryan Brotherhood and the Latino gangs Barrio Azteca and Mexican Mafia. One gang that has been especially violent in Texas prisons is the Texas Syndicate. In February 2007 federal authorities issued indictments for gang members who were suspected of being responsible for as many as 16 murders outside the state’s prisons, including a triple slaying in 2003. The indictment states: â€Å"It is understood that members and prospects of the TS may receive a telephone call and instructions to commit a murder . . . at any time. Regardless of the member’s friendship or association with the victim, the orders are to be carried out. â€Å"6 Not only are gangs extremely active in prisons, gang members who have been imprisoned are often the gangs’ top leaders. According to Sergeant Jeremy Young, who is a supervisor with the Modesto, California, police street crimes unit, the bottom level of a gang’s chain of command is made up of gangbangers who are the â€Å"soldiers† on the street; the mid-level is composed of the leaders of street crews who run the operation; and the top level are the bosses who are often inside prisons. â€Å"The (gang leaders in the) prisons run the street,† he says. â€Å"A lot of things that start in there end up out here. â€Å"7 Criminal Activities Gangs are involved in a wide range of crimes. These include drug distribution, assault, armed robbery, drive-by shootings, auto theft, identity theft, extortion, weapons trafficking, and homicide. In fact, the National Gang Threat Assessment report says that according to law enforcement officials throughout the United States, criminal gangs commit as much as 80 percent of the crime in many communities. Yet the connection between gangs and crime is a controversial is ­sue. According to the Justice Policy Institute, a Washington, D. C. –based think tank that supports alternatives to incarceration, gang members are not responsible for the biggest share of crime in most jurisdictions. In a July 2007 report, the group states that many crimes committed by gang members are unrelated to gang activity, and reliable data on the extent of gang crime do not exist. The report’s authors write: â€Å"The available evidence indicates that gang members play a relatively small role in the national crime problem. . . . National estimates and local research findings suggest that gang members may be responsible for fewer than one in 10 homicides; fewer than one in 16 violent offenses; and fewer than one in 20 serious . . . crimes. â€Å"8 Gang-Infested Cities Although gangs have a presence in communities all over the United States, the National Gang Center says that the three cities with the most gangs and worst gang-related crime are Los Angeles, Chicago, and New York. According to John S. Pistole, who is the deputy director of the FBI, Los Angeles is â€Å"ground zero for modern gang activity,† with over 400 gangs and an estimated 40,000 gang members. â€Å"Many gangs were born here, a generation ago,† he says. â€Å"But they are no longer limited to Los Angeles. Like a cancer, gangs are spreading to communities across America. â€Å"9 Two other California cities where gang-related crime is increasing are San Diego, where gang-related homicides rose 56 percent between 2006 and 2007, and Salinas, where gang-related homicides increased 125 percent during that same period of time. Gangs are also a serious problem in Hartford, Connecticut, and Camden, New Jersey. And Pistole adds that gangs are becoming more active in many other cities including Baltimore, Houston, Washington, D. C. , Denver, Atlanta, Indianapolis, New Orleans, and Omaha, Nebraska. High-Tech Gangbanging The Internet has opened up a whole new way for gangbangers to recruit new members. As a February 2007 ABC News report states: â€Å"By posting online content that glorifies the thug lifestyle, gangs are using the Web to recruit—some using children as young as 8 years old as part of the on ­line recruiting process, known as ‘Net Banging. ‘†10 Sometimes rival gang members spar with each other online, proudly displaying their gang colors, tattoos, and gang hand signs in photos. They also use the Internet to schedule fights with each other as well as brag about crimes that they have committed. By monitoring these sites, federal and state law enforcement officials can track gang activity. Cell phones also play a crucial role in gang operations. Gangbangers communicate with each other by sending text messages, and it is not uncommon for them to use multiple phones that they discard after they have completed criminal operations such as drug trafficking. The Justice Department offers an example: â€Å"The leader of an African American street gang operating on the north side of Milwaukee used more than 20 cell phones to coordinate drug-related activities of the gang: most were prepaid phones that the leader routinely discarded and replaced. 11 Why Do Young People Join Gangs? Law enforcement professionals say that the issue of why kids join gangs is complex. According to the Justice Policy Institute, no single risk factor or set of factors can accurately predict which young people will become gang members. One of the most common reasons kids join gangs is that they are from broken homes and desperately want to be part of a family-like group, and they perceive gangs as bei ng able to provide that. Brandon Robinson grew up in a housing project in Kansas City, Missouri. As a participant in a 2007 survey about gangs, he told interviewers that many of those who join share the commonality of being from poverty-stricken, dysfunctional backgrounds. â€Å"You got family members on crack and you ain’t eating right,† he says. â€Å"Everybody’s hungry. â€Å"12 According to Robinson, gang members look out for each other, help feed each other, and stick up for each other, much like a family would. â€Å"That’s when you start loving your street,†13 he says. Other reasons for joining gangs include the lure of having money to spend (from stealing or selling drugs), easy access to drugs, and protection from the dangers of the street and rival gangs. Yet many criminal justice experts say that being part of a gang does not keep kids safer at all. In fact, studies have shown that young people who are involved with gangs have a markedly higher likelihood of being injured or killed than those who are not gang-affiliated. Girl Gangs Traditionally, gangs have been dominated by males and that is still true today. But the Justice Department states that female involvement in gangs is on the upswing. A May 2008 study by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention found that in high-crime neighborhoods nearly 30 percent of girls surveyed claimed that they were members of gangs. The report ranked â€Å"young females as the fastest growing offenders in the national juvenile justice population. â€Å"14 One city that has experienced growing problems with girl gangs is Flint, Michigan. Gina Nyovane, a 22-year-old graduate of Flint Northwestern High School, has observed girl gangs in her former school and throughout the city. She says that these gangs are becoming more widespread and more violent, as she explains: â€Å"I hear it all the time. Girls are quick to pull a gun out, faster than a guy. â€Å"15 Over Labor Day weekend in 2009, members of a girl gang called the Goonies followed a car that was carrying members of a rival gang, the Dufflebacks. A young man traveling with the Goonies fired six shots at the other car, killing an 18-year-old male passenger and wounding the female driver. Can People Leave the Gang Life Behind? The common view is that people who join gangs are never allowed to leave them. The Justice Policy Institute says its research has found that gang membership is not a â€Å"one-way street† and that the typical gang member is active for a year or less. The group explains: â€Å"This myth is perpetuated not only by the media but also by gang members who exaggerate the stakes of membership in order to underscore the importance and permanence of their collective bond. â€Å"16 Yet many people say that joining a gang is a lifetime commitment, and the only way someone can leave is by dying or going to prison. Former gang member Hashim Garrett was 15 years old when he was shot six times in the back and legs. Today he struggles to walk and must use forearm crutches because his right leg is paralyzed. In a speech to students at a middle school in 2008, Garrett addressed the realities of gang life: â€Å"They say they’re like your family, but your loved ones don’t ask much of you. Come home on time, clean up your room, be polite, eat your vegetables. The gang’s going to ask more than that. Hold this gun. Hold these drugs. Prove you’re wild. Maybe kill somebody. † He adds that most gang members want to quit the gang but are too afraid to do so. If you join the football team and you don’t like the coach, you can quit. You can’t quit a gang that easy. â€Å"17 Can Gang Violence Be Stopped? Controlling gang proliferation and gang-related crime is one of the most significant challenges facing law enforcement officials every day of the year. Federal agencies such as the FBI and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives have partnere d with state and local police departments throughout the United States in an effort to bring down gangs and put an end to their crime sprees. In many cities, the focus is on eliminating the leadership of gang enterprises. According to Pistole, the goal is to do more than just disrupt their activities—it is to â€Å"dismantle them entirely. † He explains: Taking apart a gang is like demolishing a building. Hacking away at individual walls and beams might damage the building, but it doesn’t destroy it. But using federal drug and racketeering statutes is akin to dynamiting the foundation. Once the gang’s leadership infrastructure implodes, all members are weakened. It becomes difficult for the group to operate. Eventually, it crumbles. And so our strategy is to prosecute as many gang leaders, members, and associates as possible so there are no pieces left which are large enough to allow the gang to rebuild. 18 How Serious a Problem Are Gangs? â€Å"Following a marked decline from the mid-1990s to the early 2000s, a steady resurgence of gang problems has occurred in recent years. † —James C. Howell, Arlen Egley Jr. , and Christina O’Donnell, research associates with the National Gang Center. â€Å"Wherever MS-13 goes, violence follows. Gang members have carried out beheadings and grenade attacks in Central America and have hacked people with machetes in cities along the East Coast in the United States. † —Jessica M. Vaughan and John D. Feere, policy analysts with the Center for Immigration Studies. For people in many areas of the world, including the United States, gang violence is a harsh reality of life. According to the U. S. Department of Justice, the problem in America is growing worse. The Justice Department estimates that the number of gang members totaled about 1 million as of September 2008, which was an increase from 800,000 in 2005. One reason gangs continue to grow larger and more powerful is that they are fostering relationships with criminal organizations in Mexico, Central America, and Canada. This has led to a proliferation of drugs and weapons being smuggled across the U. S. border as well as an influx of illegal aliens who join gangs. To emphasize the seriousness of America’s gang violence, FBI director John Pistole tells the story of a young woman who was working at a Los Angeles outdoor market in September 2007. Her newborn son, Luis, was beside her is his stroller. Members of the 18th Street gang approached one of the market’s vendors, telling him that he could not sell his goods in their territory unless he paid them rent. He had steadfastly refused to meet their demands in the past, and when he continued to do so at the market, gang members drew their guns and opened fire on him. The man survived, but Luis did not. A stray bullet struck the baby and killed him instantly. Pistole says that this tragic incident is indicative of what is happening throughout the country: â€Å"In too many neighborhoods, too many young people are recruited into gangs. They fall into a life of crime, drugs, and violence. They shoot each other, with no regard to the innocent bystanders caught in the crossfire. Crime and violence are not confined to their cliques, but have a chilling effect on entire communities. â€Å"19 A Ruthlessly Vicious Gang Of all the gangs known to law enforcement, Mara Salvatrucha, or MS ­13, is one of the most violent. It started as a small Los Angeles street gang formed during the 1980s by immigrants from El Salvador. Now, however, it is among the largest and most dangerous gangs in the United States and Central America. According to the Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), MS-13 has â€Å"mushroomed into the size of a small army† and â€Å"strives to be the most violent and feared gang in the world. â€Å"20 ICE states that MS-13 members have been convicted of murder, assault, extortion, kidnapping, theft, drug dealing, rape, robbery, and other violent crimes. One city that is plagued by the violence of MS-13 is Houston, Texas. Although larger gangs are active in the city, the FBI considers MS-13 to be â€Å"of particular concern because members are often heavily armed and well trained in the use of weapons and assault tactics. 21 In January 2009 MS-13 gang members robbed a Houston beauty salon at gunpoint and sexually assaulted an employee. They warned her not to go to the police, saying that if she did she would regret it. They also threatened the salon owner, telling her that they would kill her if she reported the incident, and they demanded that she pay them a weekly p rotection fee of $100. The salon owner was terrified—but she was also angry. She had seen the same kinds of crimes committed in her native El Salvador, and she was determined to fight to keep them from happening in her adopted country. Even though she feared for her life and the lives of her family members, she went to the FBI and told agents what happened. During that visit she turned over a security surveillance tape that showed the gang members’ faces. About a week later the woman had not paid the protection money. In retaliation, two MS-13 gangbangers drove by the salon and sprayed the front door with bullets—but they did not get away with the violent act. Because of the tapes and the salon owner’s cooperation, the FBI agents arrested seven members of the gang. As one agent explains: â€Å"This case is proof that victims of crime should not suffer in silence. He adds that the salon owner, who was placed in protective custody by the FBI, â€Å"was courageous to stand up to gang members, and as a result those gang members are now in jail. â€Å"22 Violent Communities Located on the shores of Lake Michigan, Chicago is often called one of America’s most beautiful cities. With its tree -lined neighborhoods of stately brownstone homes, the â€Å"Magnificent Mile† shopping district, prolific theaters and restaurants, and world-renowned museums, the city attracts tourists from many different countries—yet it also has a dark and dangerous side. Law enforcement officials estimate that 50 to 60 gangs are active in Chicago and that together, they have as many as 30,000 members. Armed gangbangers roam the streets of the South Side of Chicago, committing crimes and terrorizing the people who live there. A chilling testament to this gang violence is evident in one of the city’s lesser-known monuments: an arrangement of more than 150 landscaping stones, each bearing the name of a school-age child killed by gang violence since 2007. Police superintendent Jody Weis states that Chicago youth have become increasingly more violent over the years. He explains: â€Å"There’s simply too many gangs, too many guns and too many drugs on the streets. We’ve got a problem with some of our young people . . . resorting to use of weapons and violence to solve any type of conflicts they may have. â€Å"23 Chicago has had a problem with gang violence for many years, but public outrage was sparked in 2007 when a 16-year-old honors student named Blair Holt was killed. Holt, who was not involved with a gang, was riding in a city bus with a friend when members of rival gangs started shooting at each other. He attempted to shield his friend by pushing her down into a seat. His heroic act saved her life, but he was fatally shot in the stomach. Afterward, his father, a Chicago police officer, expressed his despair and frustration over gangs who do not think twice about killing people: â€Å"You wonder where it comes from. What causes a child to wantonly and blatantly hatch such an ill-conceived plan? To go out and do something like this? What makes them do it? Where is this coming from? What are the influences? â€Å"24 Chicago is far from alone in its ongoing struggle with gang violence. It is prevalent in communities all over the country. In South Carolina, for instance, the rate of gang violence has risen nearly 1,000 percent over the past decade, with the highest number of incidents reported in Colleton County. Although Colleton County is home to just 38,000 people, law enforcement investigators have identified about 20 active gangs with an estimated total of 400 members. According to Sheriff George Malone, â€Å"The violence in Colleton County is out of control. â€Å"25 One incident occurred in November 2009 in the small town of Walterboro. A group of people were playing cards in the front yard of their home when a car pulled up and suddenly opened fire on the group. A 20-month-old toddler and 2 adults were killed; 6 others were injured. Gangs in the Military According to the Justice Department, gang activity is on the upswing in the military. Members of every major street gang and some outlaw motorcycle gangs have been identified on both domestic and international military bases. One incident involved three soldiers stationed in Alaska who were charged with murder after killing a civilian as they shot at members of a rival gang. Another involved a soldier who was arrested in October 2007 for the gang-related shooting of five people in Oklahoma. A 2009 Yale Law Journal article describes one case in which a marine sergeant who was a gang member â€Å"shot his commanding officer and executive officer—both lieutenant colonels—and threatened to continue killing officers until his fellow gang members were released from confinement. â€Å"26 While on active duty, gang members may abuse their security privileges and access to weapons and other military equipment to further gang activities. For instance, military gang members may take advantage of their positions to engage in criminal acts such as trafficking illicit drugs or weapons. According to the same article, a gang member in the army who was stationed in Iraq smuggled home four AK ­47 assault rifles that were later used to commit multiple bank robberies. After gang members have been discharged from the military, they remain a serious threat to society. They can use their combat skills against rival gangs and also teach those skills to others. The Justice Department says that this poses a â€Å"potentially significant threat,† as it explains: â€Å"Gang members with military training pose a unique threat to law enforcement personnel because of the distinctive military skills that they possess . . especially if gang members trained in weapons, tactics, and planning pass this instruction on to other gang members. â€Å"27 The Justice Department adds that such military training could ultimately result in more organized, sophisticated, and dangerous gangs as well as an increase of deadly assaults on law enforcement officers. Incarcerated Gangs Incarce rated gang members are every bit as threatening as those who are on the streets because gang members who are behind bars often control crimes that are committed outside of prison. One example is the Mexican Mafia (also known as the Eme), a violent prison gang with as many as 75,000 members. The incarcerated leaders rule over associates who are given the authority to order crimes in neighborhoods or cities. Tony Rafael, the author of the book The Mexican Mafia, explains: â€Å"Street gangsters very often are puppets of the big homies locked up in prison. The proof is overwhelming and plays itself out on an almost daily basis in almost every neighborhood in Southern California. â€Å"28 Members of the Mexican Mafia and their associates have been connected with kidnapping, murder, drug trafficking, and extortion, among other crimes. According to Rafael, the gang has grown into a large, powerful, and violent organization. He writes: â€Å"It has far-reaching intelligence and communications systems, as well as a standing army of thousands of street soldiers. â€Å"29 Rafael adds that the Mexican Mafia continues to expand its power over street crime: â€Å"Most neighborhoods in Southern California that have a strong Hispanic street gang presence feel the power of the Mexican Mafia. It took local and state law enforcement over twenty years from the founding of the Mexican Mafia to recognize its influence on the streets. It took another two decades for federal law enforcement to address the Eme as a significant criminal organization. â€Å"30 Aside from controlling crime on the streets, these gangs are also involved in violent acts inside prisons. This is a serious problem in Ohio, where attacks in state prisons have doubled from nearly 500 in 2005 to more than 1,000 during 2008. Corrections officials say that part of the increase in violence is due to an influx of gangs such as the Heartless Felons, who are known for attacking prisoners in bands of six or more. Some of the worst violence has broken out at Mansfield Reformatory, a prison built for 1,536 inmates that now houses 2,475–161 percent over capacity. â€Å"These are dangerous times,† says Shirley Pope, the director of the state’s Correctional Institutional Inspection Committee. â€Å"Mansfield is overcrowded. It is understaffed and on top of that, it has this peculiar group of younger inmates who have been described as incredibly vicious. An Ongoing Problem Whether they are terrorizing people in neighborhoods, committing crimes while in the military, or reigning over street crime from inside prisons, gangs are a significant problem all over the United States. Law enforcement officials report that gangs now have a presence in every U. S. state and the District of Columbia, and gang membership appears to be growing. According to reports from local, state, and federal authorities, there is no sign that this situation will change anytime in the near future. How to cite Jhkjjk, Papers

Leadership in Organisations

Table of Contents Introduction Findings and Evaluation Practical implications Reference List Introduction Leadership in an organization has become a prerequisite for the success of the organization. Therefore leadership is a major determinant for the performance of the organization; either to succeed in the administration or fail in doing so. As a result, several works have emerged to address the issue of leadership in the organization setting. Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Leadership in Organisations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, this paper attempts to analyze and evaluate leadership aspects such as the theory, strategies and roles in the article â€Å"Development and Application of the Leadership Archetype Questionnaire† by Kets De Vries, Vrignaud, Agrawal and Florent-Treacy (2010). Findings and Evaluation The article is about a survey instrument known as Leadership Archetyp e Questionnaire (LAQ) that is designed to help the leader improve on their leadership and also formulate strategies that will lead to the development of the organization. LAQ as an instrument, is designed to mould leaders upon eight principles which are, â€Å"strategist, change-catalyst, builder, innovator, processor, coach, communicator and transactor† (Kets De Vries, 2010: 2850). The article suggests that LAQ as instrument helps the leaders to interact with their followers since the former can not operate in isolation (Gronn, 2002). This is especially true because in designing the LAQ, an interview must be conducted in order to establish the behavior of the leaders (executive). Leaders have been known to have common roles therefore they can assist each other in the performance of their duties in order to achieve the goal of their organization (Mintzberg, 1973). According to Mintzberg, the ten roles of a leader are, â€Å"figurehead, liaison, monitor, disseminator, leader, spokesman, entrepreneur, disturbance handler, negotiator and resource allocator, interpersonal, informational and decisional roles† (p. 34). The article describes LAQ as a tool which enhances effectiveness in the roles of leaders in an organization. Effectiveness of the leaders is determined by the composition of the team of leaders in terms of individual differences, role and contribution (Belbin, 1996; 2003). Belbin (2003) observed this fact about the LAQ and he distinguished nine team roles of the leaders which make them to be effective in their functioning. The roles included; shaper, implementer, resource investigator, plant, monitor, evaluator, coordinator, completer and team worker. He further suggested that balanced team of leader were effective in the performance of their function while the reverse is true about unbalanced team leaders (executives).Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The article suggests that LAQ can be used to assess the behavior pattern of the leaders. This is particularly important because it helps in identifying the character of the leaders and the areas that they are effective in the given archetypes. It is absolutely true that leadership positions or people with intentions of becoming leaders belong to a self selected group and hence not all people can become leaders. For instance, Ket de Vries (2006) notes that there are few people with self-defeating, dependent, depressive or detached personalities. However the article suggests there is possibility of a particular individual to fit in various leadership archetypes due to the many characteristics and behavior that he possess. The article notes that the LAQ is intended for use in training and coaching. The behavior of the leaders towards the colleagues, subordinates, bosses and other stakeholders’ matters most since it determines the success of the organization (Ket de Vries, 2001). He notes that some leaders fail in their administration of duties due to their behaviors. This is especially true because the leaders act as an example to rest of the members and his character will greatly influence others. The author(s) of the article argue that in order for an effective team to be created, each individual needs to reflect his preferred leadership behavior. The article notes that one has to know himself before understanding the behaviors of others and the authors have given a perfect example concerning emergent definition of leadership. The article cites the approach that is used to interpret various permutations of leadership including the behavior other than the essentials and notions of leadership (Bresnen, 1995). The article is essential for the leaders of organization because it provides the leaders with strategies to overcome challenges in their organization. Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Leadership in Organisations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, the author cites that no leader can stand in isolation and therefore each member requires the support of one another. An individual who has strengths in certain function may be left to perform the duties while his weaknesses may be compensated by other individuals in the organization. The article has done well in the provision of reliable statistics about the eight leadership archetypes. This is because the design of LAQ was in 360 degree format and it was multidimensional. As a result, the model of LAQ has breadth and comprehensiveness and allows for a rich representation of individuality rather than compelling people into specific categories. To add on, the authors of the article have given sufficient statistic about the leadership archetypes and various sources have been cited as evidence. It follows that the information that it is in the article is relia ble to be used by the leaders of the organization and for education purposes. Practical implications The writers of the article are justified to conclude that leadership behavior is highly complex transformation in which many factors contribute to it. This is because the leadership behavior can not be studied in isolation from other factor such as genetic predisposition and social influences. For instance, preferential behavior will be created as a character trait through the combination of genetic predisposition and socializing influences. It is also worthy to note that leadership archetypes form an interactive process between the individual and the surrounding and it is never independent. It is obvious that the LAQ will assist the leaders in assessing the roles of the executive in order to meet the challenges that may be encountered in the organization. This is because it identifies the weaknesses of the leaders and therefore design strategies to overcome the weaknesses. After re ading the article about LAQ, leaders are likely to optimize their interaction with their followers after understanding their behavioral preference and behavior in leadership. This technical know how will help leaders in making of their decision and also will assist them in communication skills.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This article is also important to leaders since it may help them in shaping and designing of effective organizational teams. This is because the article highlights LAQ as an effective tool in understanding character, competence and roles of the leaders in an organization. By designing functional teams, coordination will be enhanced allowing for a more efficient organization. Teams working together will also help in maximum productivity from employees as they try to develop healthy competition. Finally, coordinating teams will allow the organization to consolidate the different team objectives and goals into a single goal for the organization. Reference List Belbin, R.M., 1996. Team Roles at Work. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann. Belbin, R.M.,2003. Management Teams: Why they Succeed or Fail. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann. Bresnen, M., 1995. All Things to All People? Perceptions, Attributions, and Constructions of Leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 6(4), pp. 495–513. Gronn, P ., 2002. Distributed Leadership as a Unit of Analysis. The Leadership Quarterly, 13(4), pp. 423–451. Kets de Vries, M.F.R., 2001. The Leadership Mystique. London: Financial Times/Prentice Hall. Kets de Vries, M.F.R., 2006. The Leader on the Couch. London: Wiley. Kets De Vries, M.F.R., Vrignaud, P., Agrawal, A. and Florent-Treacy, E., 2010. Development and application of the Leadership Archetype Questionnaire. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 21(15), 2848 — 2863. Mintzberg, H., 1973. The Nature of Managerial Work. New York: Harper Row. This critical writing on Leadership in Organisations was written and submitted by user Anders0n to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.